Dot products in numpyΒΆ
If I have two vectors \(\mathbf{a}\) with elements \(a_0, a_1, ... a_{n-1}\), and \(\mathbf{b}\) with elements \(b_0, b_1, ... b_{n-1}\) then the dot product is defined as:
In code:
>>> a = np.arange(5)
>>> b = np.arange(10, 15)
>>> np.dot(a, b)
130
We could do exactly the same calculation using elementwise multiplication followed by a sum
:
>>> np.sum(a * b) # Elementwise multiplication
130
Matrix multiplication operates by taking dot products of the rows of the first array (matrix) with the columns of the second.
Let’s say I have a matrix \(\mathbf{X}\), and \(X_{i,:}\) is row \(i\) in \(\mathbf{X}\). I have a matrix \(\mathbf{Y}\), and \(Y_{:,j}\) is column \(j\) in \(\mathbf{Y}\). The output matrix \(\mathbf{Z} = \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y}\) has entry \(Z_{i,j} = X_{i,:} \cdot Y_{:, j}\).
>>> X = np.array([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]])
>>> X
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> Y = np.array([[7, 8], [9, 10], [11, 12]])
>>> Y
array([[ 7, 8],
[ 9, 10],
[11, 12]])
The numpy array dot
method does this operation:
>>> X.dot(Y)
array([[ 31, 34],
[112, 124]])
>>> X[0, :].dot(Y[:, 0])
31
>>> X[1, :].dot(Y[:, 0])
112